Author Archives: Hiroyuki Kawai

About Hiroyuki Kawai

Label bank Co., Ltd. CEO (Founder) Born in Japan. Working on solving various issues related to food labeling operations. Also regularly gives lectures for various organizations in Japan. Co-author of 'Latest edition: Guide book Food Labeling Law and related business practical points - from scratch (Japanese version only)' (DAI-ICHI HOKI CO., LTD/2019).

Current food waste issues triggered by expiry date labeling, Proposed legislation to uniform food expiry date labelling in California/USA, and General Situation around the world (including Japan)

On 28 September 2024, the State of California, USA, announced that a bill to uniform food expiry date labelling had been signed. Until now, the state has allowed for the use of “Sell by”, “Best by/before”, ‘Expired by’ as well as other recommended labelling methods such as “Best if Used By” and “Use By”, when displaying expiry dates, but from 1 July 2026, uniform labelings such as “Best if Used By”, “Best by/before”, “Expired by” will become mandatory. Such uniform labelling is said to help ensure a sustainable future by reducing the likelihood of confusion over quality and safety, whereas the various expiry date labels have been confusing for consumers and have led to unnecessary food waste.

In the US, there are no federal regulations on food expiry date labelling, except for infant formula, and consequently a legislation was proposed in May 2023 for the Food Date Labeling Act, which also aims to uniform on “Best If Used By”, “USE By” and so on to prevent consumer confusion and help solve the problem of food waste.

The relationship between expiration date labels and food waste has been an issue in many countries, with the EU estimating that up to 10% of food waste may be related to a lack of understanding of expiration date labels, and a revision of the Regulation on the provision of food information to consumers (FIC Regulation (EU) 1169/2011) is planned. Improvements are being considered in terms of terminology, format and visual presentation to avoid consumer misunderstanding the “use by” and “best before” labelling methods.

In April 2024, the Food Standards Agency of Australia and New Zealand (FSANZ) released its “2023 CONSUMER INSIGHTS,” and the following information is a good illustration of the current situation of food waste that is past its expiration date.

“Most people correctly understood best before and use-by dates, but up to a third expressed an incorrect understanding.”

“Among people with a correct understanding of date marking, up to a third reported behavior inconsistent with their understanding.”

In Japan, a ‘Study Group to Review Guidelines for Setting Food Expiry Dates’ has been convened since May 2024, and in addition to reviewing the setting of expiry date labels, it is also considering the “handling of food that has reached its best before date and can still be eaten”. The revised guidelines are due to be published in March 2025.

The above is a brief summary of the current situation in each country regarding expiration date labeling, which may be a trigger for food waste. In practice, especially when exporting food products to Japan or another country, it is necessary to review local labeling methods about expiry date labeling. By deepening our understanding that time limit labeling is related to the problem of food waste as a background, we believe that it will be easier to respond and prepare for future labeling creation.

Supplement

The expiration date labeling, which is often printed at the time of manufacture, is a labeling item that is prone to error when importing or exporting due to differences in labeling methods between countries. (In particular, the order in which expiration dates are printed is confusing, as some countries use “day-month-year” or “month-day-year,” while Japan uses “year-month-date”). In the design stage of labeling, it is recommended that the space for the expiration date not be left blank, but that the difference be easily recognized in advance by writing “YYYYY.MM.DD”, “DD.MM.YYYYY”, “MM.DD.YYYYY”, and so on.

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We verify the conformity of ingredients and additives with the standards for use in Japan based on specifications such as formulation lists. We also verify the conformity of the proposed labeling of ingredient names, nutrients, etc. with the labeling standards based on specifications such as formulation lists.

Trends in the revision of standards for allergen labeling in various countries

More than six months have passed since Japan ‘s Food Labeling Standards were revised on March 28, 2024, adding macadamia nuts to the list of recommended allergen labeling items (while also removing matsutake mushrooms). Since the number of 28 items (8 mandatory and 20 recommended) remains the same, it is difficult to see the changes as far as containers and packaging are concerned, but we believe that the situation is gradually being addressed. In this issue, we would like to extend our scope to outside Japan and look at some of the revised information on allergen labelling that was announced worldwide this year.

In February 2024, the Australian Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry (DAFF) and the New Zealand Ministry of Primary Industries (MPI) announced that new allergen labeling requirements ( DAFF Notice and MPI Notice ) had come into effect. Changes include labeling allergens in bold, labeling “contains 00,” and more. The transitional period is until February 25, 2026.

In July 2024, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) of the Thai Ministry of Public Health promulgated and implemented the “Labeling of Prepackaged Foods (No. 450)” (original in Thai). The English version has also been published. Shellfish, mollusks and their products were added to the list of items subject to allergen labeling. The transitional measures period is until July 19, 2026.

In August 2024, the Saudi Food and Drug Administration (SFDA) published a draft standard for Labeling of Food Allergens on Prepackaged Food. In addition to a list of items subject to allergen labeling, the draft also shows how to label items by bolding, underlining, and highlighting in color, as well as by using illustrations with accompanying text.

In September 2024, the UK Food Standards Agency (FSA) released an update on its work on Precautionary Allergen Labelling (PAL). We previously covered developments in PAL in the U.K. (in our issue of November 2023); this latest update makes public further proposals for the use of allergen thresholds (standardization by ‘Eliciting Dose’ (Note) ).

(Note: This is a unit known as the one to indicate the amount of allergen that causes a reaction with objective symptoms (abbr. ED). Please go to the link above: “update on its work on Precautionary Allergen Labelling (PAL)” for the details.)

Also, by the end of 2024, the U.S. FDA is expected to release a draft guidance for the industry titled “ Questions and Answers Regarding Food Allergens, Including the Food Allergen Labeling Requirements of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act: Guidance for Industry.”

The above is simply a general overview of examples of recent changes from various countries around the world. It should be noted that the Thailand case is a comprehensive revision of the labeling standards. Other examples of comprehensive amendments to labeling standards include Malaysia’s Food (Amendment) (No. 4) Regulations 2020 (January 2024) and Turkey’s Food Codex Regulations Amendment on Consumer Information and Food Labeling (April 2024).

On a further note, the Codex Alimentarius Commission is currently discussing allergen labeling, and in August 2024, will begin soliciting opinions on “General Standard for the Labelling of Pre-packaged Foods Provisions relevant to allergen labelling” and “Guidelines on the use of precautionary allergen labelling”. In particular, reference doses (mg/kg) standardized based on induced doses will be set for each item (e.g., almond 1.0, peanut 2.0, hazelnut 3.0, wheat 5.0, buckwheat 10, crustacean 200) for preventive allergen labeling (PAL), and the proposed revisions clarify the threshold values, which is a trend that we believe will require close attention. The allergen labeling system is expected to change in the future in line with changes in consumer behavior and technological advances. If you are considering exporting food products to foreign countries and are interested in future trends, it would be a good idea to check the proposed amendment.

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We verify the conformity of ingredients and additives with the standards for use in Japan based on specifications such as formulation lists. We also verify the conformity of the proposed labeling of ingredient names, nutrients, etc. with the labeling standards based on specifications such as formulation lists.

Food Labeling Standards partly amended in relation to FFC (Japan)

Note: This article discusses the changes in Japan FFC systems, following the Beni-Koji Incident that happened earlier this year.

On August 23, 2024, a partial amendment to the Food Labeling Standards (Japanese) has been published (some of which came into effect on September 1).  The following are excerpts of the outline of the amendment organized in the Summary of the amendment history of the Food Labeling Standards (Japanese).

●In light of the Future Measures Regarding the labeling system for Foods with Function Claims (FFC) in response to the Beni-Koji (rice fermented with red yeast) products Incident (compiled at the Ministerial Meeting on Measures for the Beni-Koji Products on May 31, 2024), the following amendments have been made:

  • As matters to be complied with for notifiers (when an incident happens), it is stipulated that they must collect information on suspected health hazards and that it must be promptly provided to the prefectural governor and other relevant authorities as well as to the Commissioner of the Consumer Affairs Agency (CAA) in the event that such information is obtained.
  • It is stipulated that foods will no longer meet the requirements for FFC in the event that the accumulation of scientific knowledge (after the date of notification of such foods) leads the Commissioner of the CAA to the conclusion that it is no longer appropriate to make claims about expected specific health benefits related to their functional ingredients.
  • As matters to be complied with for notifiers, it is stipulated that Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP) -based manufacturing control is required for foods in the form of tablets, capsules, and similar dosage forms
  • How and where to label the information such as the following has been reviewed.
    – “The product has not been evaluated by the government for its functionality and safety”
    – “The product is not intended for the diagnosis, treatment, or prevention of any diseases”
    – and precautions for consumption such as specific warnings about interactions with medications, prevention of excessive intake
  • As further matters to be complied with for notifiers, it is stipulated that the notifier must conduct a self-check of their adherence to the compliance matters every year after the initial notification and must report the results annually to the Commissioner of the CAA.
  • The specific contents of the following information to be notified to the Commissioner of the CAA are stipulated as well as the forms to notify them to be notified by the Cabinet Office.
    a) the content of the labeling
    b) basic information on the food-related business operator, such as their name and contact information
    c) information on the evidence for safety and functionality
    d) information on the production, manufacturing, and quality control
    e) system for collecting information on health hazards
    f) other necessary information
  • For new functional ingredients with no prior notification records, if the Commissioner of the CAA recognizes that it would take particularly long to confirm the notification documents, it is stipulated that the deadline for submitting the notification documents prior to sale can be exceptionally extended from the standard 60 business days to 120 business days as a special provision.

And the specific revision points are as follows (although it is easier to check them by referring to the old and new comparison table) (This link and all links below are in vertical Japanese).

Enforcement date and transitional measures (vertical Japanese)

The amendment has generally been enforced from September 1, 2024, but some of the provisions in Appended Table 26 and Appended Table 27 will be enforced from April 1, 2025.

The transitional period is planned to be until August 31, 2026.

There is a two-year transitional period for the provisions of Article 3, paragraph 2, Article 22, paragraph 1, Appended Table 20 and Appended Table 27　paragraph 2, item 1 (the stipulation in the case of notification as foods such as tablets and capsules made from natural extracts, etc. in these provisions) (effective September 1, 2024). Since the labeling method (e.g., restrictions on indicating a part of the functionality) has also been revised this time, many FFC products will be expected to have their labeling reviewed. From the results of the public comment on the amendment draft (Japanese) where the CAA’s views are listed in response to each of these comments, you can also check the purpose of the amendment and the views on the comments, so it would be good to go through them as well (if you have any questions or trouble while doing so, please let us know!).

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Call for public comment on draft notification to make GMP mandatory in accordance with the revision of the system for FFC (Japan)

On July 12, 2024, the Consumer Affairs Agency (CAA) began soliciting opinions on the standards for the manufacture or processing of tablets, capsules, and other Foods with Functional Claims (FFC) that Use natural extracts as ingredients (draft) (Japanese). The public comment was closed on August 16th.

The draft notice is based on the decision made at the ministerial meeting onFuture Measures Regarding FFC Labeling System in response to the Incident Involving Red Koji Supplements, where it was decided that for supplements with functional claims, manufacturing management based on GMP (Good Manufacturing Practices) will be a compliance requirement for the notifier under the Food Labeling Standards. The content of the draft follows Annex 2 (Japanese) of the GMP Guidelines (No. 0311 No. 2, March 11, 2024) (Japanese)The draft notice (Japanese) as well as the GMP guidelines also provides the definitions of certain terms (Article 2). Here are some excerpts. The provisions regarding the responsibilities of the notifier and the creation and management of documents and records have also been stipulated.

  1. “Ingredients” mean all the ingredients used in the manufacturing of a product.
  2. “Source materials” mean animals and plants, or specific parts thereof, microorganisms, chemicals, minerals and other substances used to manufacture ingredients.
  3. “A Product“ means a food product that has completed all processes such as manufacturing.
  4. “Intermediate products” mean items produced during the intermediate stages of product manufacturing.
  5. “Equivalents to ‘a Product’” include ingredients, containers and packaging, products, and intermediate products.
  6. “Lot” means a group of products manufactured to have homogeneity through a series of processes within a single manufacturing period. (Hereafter abbreviated)

The following image explains the scope of GMP ([Reference Document 5-1] the Scope of GMP Notification (the 74th Food Labeling Subcommittee))(Japanese).

The enforcement date is scheduled on September 1, 2024. This draft notification covers the contents of Annex 2 (related to manufacturing site) in the above figure.
Regarding the contents of Annex 1 (related to ingredients), it is expected that a draft notification will be compiled in the future.

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We verify the conformity of ingredients and additives with the standards for use in Japan based on specifications such as formulation lists. We also verify the conformity of the proposed labeling of ingredient names, nutrients, etc. with the labeling standards based on specifications such as formulation lists.

“Future Measures Regarding FFC Labeling System in response to the Case* Involving “Beni Koji” Supplements” (Japan)

On May 27, 2024, the Consumer Affairs Agency (CAA) released the “Report of Discussion on Foods with Functional Claims (FFC)(Japanese). Subsequently, on May 31, Future Measures Regarding FFC Labeling System in response to the Incident Involving Red Koji Supplements(Japanese). was published as the materials for the Ministerial Meeting on Measures Regarding Red Koji-Related Products(Japanese).

* A recent case involved a pharmaceutical company’s Beni-Koji (rice fermented with red yeast)-related products, which caused a series of health issues among users of its dietary supplement products.

<Overview of future measures regarding the FFC system>

  1. For all FFC, make it mandatory for business operators to collect and provide information on health hazards linked to their products（enables to implement the administrative measure based on the Food Labeling Standards and the Food Sanitation Act）
  2. Measures to enhance the reliability of the FFC system (Establishment of GMP (Good Manufacturing Practices) requirements, etc.)
  3. Digital transformation of information provision and strengthening consumer education
  4. Roles sharing between the national and local governments

The following are excerpts from the proposal in the report on Discussion on FFC.

Obligation to collect health hazards and provide information to government agencies

Since the current notification guidelines cover all FFC, including processed foods, fresh foods, not just supplements, it is appropriate to make it mandatory to collect and provide information on health hazards linked to all types of FFC without limiting the scope to only supplements.

Management of manufacture/quality

In response to this case, it is appropriate to make it a legal obligation to conduct manufacturing and quality control of FFC in supplement form in accordance with GMP stipulated by the regulations at the time of notification and during the sales period after notification to ensure quality in the manufacturing process management of FFC in the form of supplements and to enhance the reliability of FFC, (snip). Specifically for ingredients containing functional components, the manufacturers of products in the form of supplements (final products) must ensure to embrace the principles of equivalence and homogeneity of all the components of the ingredients (with the ones for which the evidence was notified) at the stage of their receipt in accordance with GMP, under the responsibility of the notifier (who is the person responsible for labeling).

How to convey information on FCC to consumers

-As an indication related to the requirement of “not for the purpose of diagnosis, treatment or prevention of disease”, labeling “not a drug” must be clearly stated on the same panel as indications of FFC claims.
-An indication of “FFC” and the notification number must be displayed in close proximity to each other to enhance identification.
-Improve the labeling method to one clearly indicating that safety and functionality of the food product was not assessed by the government.
And state clearly that information on the scientific basis of functionality and safety, can be confirmed on the CAA website unlike so-called ‘health foods’.

As a further issue to be considered, it is expected that the Foods for Specified Health Uses will be also made mandatory to provide information on health hazards and to establish GMP requirements. In the future, the Food Labeling Act and the Food Sanitation Act are expected to be revised, as well as the Guidelines for Notification of FFC. We recommend that business operators who handle not only Foods with Functional Claims but also labels related to health read them.

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Label Claims and Import/Export (Japan)

The transitional period of the guideline of additive labeling for use of ‘non-use’ (March, 2022)*1 ended at the end of March, 2024. During this period, there’s been a gradual change observed in the labeling of food products in stores　in terms of changes made in accordance with the content of these guidelines. This article summarizes practical precautions and potential challenges related to label claims including “non-use labeling” and labeling for products intended for import and export. (Partly excerpt from the material used for the seminar on the 11th April, 2024 at Anuga Select Japan 2024).

*1(see our past article: The revised draft of the guideline of “non-use” additive labeling released after inviting comments (Japan))

Various types of claims and “non-use” labels

Types of claims can be mainly divided into the following two categories in the regulation.
-Health claims (focus on nutrients and functional components of a product)
-Quality claims (focus on the quality of ingredients in a product such as their origins like “natural”)
As other types according to other classification methods
-(addition-type) some ingredients/components used, contained, or used more
-(subtraction-type) some ingredients/components not used, not contained, or used less The subtraction-type claims such as “non-use of additives” and “non-use of sugars” have noticeably increased in recent years. Compared with claims for used ingredients, claims for contained components can be less noticeable to general consumers (not those engaged in food related business). Checking the subtraction-type can be another challenge. In addition to checking for the absence of specific ingredients/components, checking the subtraction-type claims also requires verifying that no alternative ingredients (or components) are used. Even more items need to be checked when it comes to products for export and import, such as checking whether alternative ingredients to replace the ‘non-use’ ingredients can be used in the target country.

Confirming the standards for use of ingredients related to label claims

Many countries as well as Japan set the standards of use for ingredients and additives. For example, in the case of labeling fruit juice beverage products with calcium lactate contained claimed as “Rich in Calcium” (addition-type claims), the process of its preliminary research is
1. Check if the product is categorized as “Fruit juice beverage” in the target country (check the food standards)
2. If so, check if “Calcium Lactate” is permitted to be used for Fruit juice beverage (check the standards for use)
3. If so, check if the claims such as “Rich in Calcium” are permitted to be labeled (check the labeling standards)
When the presence of ingredients or additives that is directly related to the product’s characteristics is clear, as in this example, it is easier for food business operators such as an exporter and an importer (not the manufacturer) to be able to check and confirm the information at an early stage.
On the other hand, for products (with subtraction-type claims) labeled as “no sweeteners used”, for example, there are no ingredients subject to confirmation of use as mentioned above in 2. While such products may contain ingredients that replace sweeteners (often food materials that are not considered additives), it can be difficult to recognize the presence of these alternative ingredients or additives that directly affect the product’s characteristics unless they are clearly labeled as “use of XX instead of sweeteners”. This lack of clear labeling can lead to last-minute checks by the food business operators before importing or exporting these products.
And since just giving up labeling the claims such as “free of XX” is not enough anymore to get the situation better in the case where these ingredients and additives turn out to be not permitted to be used after such last-minute checks, it is still important to check the ingredients at an early stage.

While a product can be labeled as “no sugars used” in Japan, in some other countries it may be required to be labeled as “contains naturally occurring sugars” if it contains sugars derived from food ingredients. The definition of “sugars” in the labeling standards is not consistent across different countries (especially be careful about “carbohydrates”). In the case of import/export, careful confirmation is needed on the points such as standards of identity for foods. While it is important to confirm that claims labeling is permitted in your target country, it is also essential to make sure that ingredients/additives are permitted to be used (or contained) from the early stage.

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Regarding Food Labeling Standards, Food Labeling Standards Q&A revised (Japan)-Addition of macadamia nuts and deletion of “matsutake mushroom” from the list of recommended labeling for allergens-

On March 28, 2024, the Consumer Affairs Agency (CAA) announced revisions to Regarding Food Labeling Standards and Food Labeling Standards Q&A. The main contents of this revision include the addition of “macadamia nuts” and deletion of “matsutake mushroom” from the list of recommended labeling for allergens. The following is the summary of the main points of the revisions.

The main points of the revision of Regarding Food Labeling Standards

Macadamia nuts were added and matsutake mushrooms were deleted from the list of the recommended labeling for allergens. The number of allergen items for recommended labeling has not changed as it remains 20 items. The total number of allergen items (for mandatory and recommended labeling) stays the same at 28 items.

After the revision Before the revision
Almond, Abalone, Squid, Salmon roe, Orange, Cashew nut, Kiwifruit, Beef, Sesame seed, Salmon, Mackerel, Soybean, Chicken, Banana, Pork, Macadamia nut, Peach, Yam, Apple, Gelatin Almond, Abalone, Squid, Salmon roe, Orange, Cashew nut, Kiwifruit, Beef, Sesame seed, Salmon, Mackerel, Soybean, Chicken, Banana, Pork, Matsutake mushroom, Peach, Yam, Apple, Gelatin

Appended Table 1 Scope of allergen items (for mandatory or recommended labeling)　(pg7)

Allergen item name
(for mandatory or recommended labeling)		 Classification Number (1) Classification Number (2) Major classification Intermediate classification Minor classification
Macadamia Nuts 69 8599 Edible nuts Other edible nuts Edible nuts, n.e.c.

Appended Table 2 Examples of labeling for additives derived from allergen items (for mandatory or recommended labeling)(pg16)

Legal names of allergens for recommended labelingClassificationAdditive namesRecommended labelingRemarks
Macadamia Nuts――――

Appended Table 3 (List of substitute labeling for allergen items (for mandatory or recommended labeling) (pg18)

Items stipulated in the Notice
(Regarding Food Labeling Standards)		 Substitute labeling Extended labeling
(labeling examples)
Indication that differs in labeling methods and words, but can be recognized as the same item for recommended labeling stipulated in the Notice Examples of indication that includes the name of allergens for recommended labeling or its substitute labeling so that they can be recognized as food products using these ingredients
マカダミアナッツ*
*One of the descriptive variations in Japanese meaning “Macadamia nuts” 		マカデミアナッツ*
*One of the descriptive variations in Japanese meaning “Macadamia nuts” 		 

The main points of the revision to Food Labeling Standards Q&A

Q&A (D-2) 18 regarding the scope of macadamia nuts has been added.

(D-18) What is the scope of macadamia nuts, which is one of allergens for recommended labeling?

 (Answer) Macadamia nuts are not categorized as specific individual edible nuts in the Japan Standard Commodity Classification but are categorized in a general group as Edible nuts, n.e.c. Macadamia nuts belong to the genus Macadamia in the family Proteaceae. The main varieties covered by this definition are the integrifolia species, the tetraphylla species, and their hybrid varieties. Additionally, it is important to note that macadamia nut oil and macadamia nut milk, etc. are also allergens.

Information on the scope of labeling is also provided in Q&A (E-23). Again, note that the total number of allergen items for both mandatory and recommended labeling remains the same.

(E-23) Should the scope of labeling be mentioned? (whether the label of the product includes allergens for recommended (not mandatory) labeling)?

(Answer) … omitted unrelated content …
Please indicate clearly in a location close to the allergen information frame whether the information only applies to the 8 allergens for mandatory labeling or if it also includes the 28 allergens for both mandatory and recommended labeling.
However, the above-mentioned labeling alone may not clearly indicate whether it follows the pre- or post-revision allergen list due to factors such as the transitional period for the revisions to the Cabinet Order and the Notices. There is no problem if the labeling includes a clear list of target allergen items or illustrations representing all the allergen items covered. If not, additional information can be included so that consumers can identify which specific Cabinet Order or Notices the labeling is based on.

Upcoming schedules

Similar to the past case of the addition of almonds to the list of recommended labeling in September 2019, no transitional period for this revision has been clarified because it is also not mandatory labeling. Therefore, businesses are encouraged to comply with this revision as soon as possible. Especially ingredient suppliers should take an early action since their customers (food manufacturers) will need to verify ingredient specifications to ensure compliance. Special attentions should be paid to food products with imported ingredients used. Some countries treat nuts under the general name of “Tree Nuts”, so confirming if macadamia nuts as well as walnuts, cashew nuts, almonds are included in “Tree Nuts” is needed. The above-mentioned Q&A will especially provide useful information on allergens when switching the label on your products.

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We verify the conformity of ingredients and additives with the standards for use in Japan based on specifications such as formulation lists. We also verify the conformity of the proposed labeling of ingredient names, nutrients, etc. with the labeling standards based on specifications such as formulation lists.

About Labeling Rules for Individual Food Items (Japan)

On January 30, 2024, at the Third Fiscal 2023 Food Labeling Discussion Meeting the revision of the labeling rules set for individual food items was discussed. A useful material has been provided as an easy-to-understand summary of the current issues titled [Reference] Labeling Rules for Individual Items and I would like to go through it here.

Overview

  • While some food items have their own individual rules (aside from cross-sectional labeling rules applied to all food items), others do not.
  • For the food items with their own individual rules, their individual rules take precedence over the cross-sectional labeling rules.

Appended Table 3 Standards of Identity
Appended Table 4 Individual Labeling Rules (Legal name, Ingredient name, Additives, Net weight)
Appended Table 5 Rules for Legal names
Appended Table 19 Additional Labeling items (Precautions for Use, Cooking Method, Shape/form, Content rate of Specific Ingredients, etc.)
Appended Table 20 Labeling style
Appended Table 22 Prohibited labeling items

For example, according to the provisions of “Macaroni” in the Appended Table 4 of the Food Labeling Standards, the names that can be labeled differ depending on their shape/form, size, and thickness.

Examples of differences in labeling

Even if products look similar, the “legal name” for them can differ depending on the product form.
For example, in fettuccine,
-“Dried” fettuccine must be labeled as “名称：マカロニ類” (EN: Legal name: Macaronis) according to the individual rule for “Macaronis” of dried noodle
-“Frozen” fettuccine must be labeled as “名称：フェットチーネ等” (EN: Legal name:fettuccines) according to the individual rule for “prepared frozen food” of frozen food
-“Fresh” fettuccine must be labeled as “名称：フェットチーネ等” (EN: Legal name:fettuccines) according to the cross-sectional rules because there are no individual rules for “fresh” fettuccine

Even for products using the same ingredients, the “Legal name” can be different depending on the container and packaging of the product.

For example, in the case of Japanese-styled meat sauce:
-If a product is packaged in a retort pouch (with light shielding), it must be labeled as “名称：ミートソース” (EN: Legal name: Meat Sauce) according to the individual rules for retort pouch foods
-If a product is packaged in a transparent pouch (without light shielding), it must be labeled as “名称：和風パスタソース” (EN: Legal name: Japanese-style Pasta Sauce) according to the cross-sectional rules as it does not meet the identity for retort pouch food.

Furthermore, there the cases where labeling methods differ depending on the storage temperature and distribution method of a product.

For example,
-“Frozen” gyoza (dumpling)- categorized as “prepared frozen food”
It must be labeled according to its individual rules (Firstly, compare the weight of “the ingredients excluding the skin (wrapper)” and “the skin”. Then, list both in descending order by weight, including the breakdowns of each, also in descending order by weight).
-“Chilled” gyoza- categorized as “chilled gyoza”
It must be labeled according to its individual rules (First compare the weight of (i) meat, (ii) fish meat, (iii) vegetables, (iv) filler, (v) skin, and (vi) other ingredients. Then indicate them in descending order by weight, including the breakdowns of each).
-Gyoza other than the above two categories such as those of which storage methods are “refrigerated”, “room temperature” It must be labeled according to the cross-sectional rules (simply list all the ingredients in descending order, including the breakdowns of each) because there are no individual rules.

These regulations were originally established under the former JAS Act and were later transferred to the Cabinet Office Ordinance on Food Labeling. There are remaining issues (with the current systems) that are to be considered by officials, in regards to rational choices of food products by consumers and the burden on business operators.

Further meetings will follow and focus on the discussion on establishing cross-sectional rules to achieve maximum possible unification while ensuring alignment with international standards, based on the process and backgrounds of labeling rules for individual food items. We will keep an eye on the specific labeling methods for each food item in the future (and inform you accordingly). During the meeting, other topics were also discussed. Among them it was reconfirmed that additives for nutritional fortification purposes should be labeled on all processed foods in principle. The proposed revision and its timing will be clarified in future meetings.

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Trends in Nutritional Content and Health Claims in other countries viewed from Japan

This time, I would like to summarize the trends in nutrition and health labeling in the US, Australia, South Korea, and the UK.

The US: Front-of-Pack Nutrition Labeling

On December 14, 2023, a press release was made by the members of the US Senate and House of Representatives regarding a bill toward mandatory front-of-pack nutrition labeling.
The main requirements of the full text of the bill (PDF) are (i) appear in a consistent location on the principal display panels across products; (ii) have a prominent design that visually contrasts with existing packaging design; and (iii) be sufficiently large to be easily legible.  A recent survey shows front-of-package nutrition labeling has broad support from the US consumers, with 75 percent of respondents in favor of a mandatory front-of-package nutrition labeling policy. Understanding the consumer needs will be beneficial for preparing food exports to the US. Speaking of which, we took note that on November 2, 2023, the Japanese government started considering the introduction of FOPNL.

Australia: Voluntary labeling for added sugars

Meanwhile, on November 14, 2023, the Food Standards Authority of Australia and New Zealand (FSANZ) announced that it had approved a revised standard for the voluntary labeling for added sugars. The draft revised standard will not permit ‘no added sugar(s)’ claims when a food:

  1. contains, or is, an ‘added sugar’ as defined in the Code
  2. does not contain ‘added sugar’ but contains more sugars (i.e. monosaccharides and disaccharides) than:
    10.0 g /100 g for solid food
    7.5 g /100 mL for liquid food.

In Japan, there are no labeling standards for added sugars, but there are standards on labeling claims that no sugars are added such as “No sugars used”
(For your reference, the following requirements must be met in order to indicate the statement that no sugars are added:

  1. No sugars are added,
  2. No alternative ingredients of sugars or additives are used,
  3. The sugars content of the food does not exceed the amount contained in the ingredients and additives,
  4. The sugars content is indicated.

)

South Korea: Labeling of “sugar-free” and “contains sweetener”

On December 28, 2023, the Korea Food and Drug Safety Administration (MFDS) published a draft revision of the Food Labeling Standards. The standard for nutritional content in the proposed revision states that in case the claims “sugar-free”, “unsweetened” or similar are used on the label for products containing sweetener(s), information on calories and indication that “sweetener(s) are used” shall be displayed. (Other proposals such as “calories for alcoholic beverages shall be displayed in larger and bolder letters to improve visibility”
are included)
In Japan, on the contrary, there are no labeling standards regarding the use of sweeteners. However, note that the “No Sweeteners Added” indication is subject to Guidelines for use of “No Food Additive Used” labeling of food additives on food labels.

The UK: Restriction on advertisements for “less healthy” food and drink products

On December 13, 2023, self-regulatory organizations related to advertisements, ASA and CAP announced that, in line with the UK government policies, they will start regulating advertisements for unhealthy products from October 2025. They will prohibit ads for identifiable less healthy products (a subset of products classified as high fat, salt or sugar (“HFSS”)) from being included in Ofcom-regulated TV services and ODPS between 5:30 am and 9:00 pm, and from being placed in paid-for space in online media at any time. There are no similar regulations in Japan, but voluntary standards are in place for the advertisements of liquors.

—

As you can see, there are various trends in each country, but the background of any revision is often described in the materials of its draft revision bill. I think it is important to know the interests of your target country when you consider importing or exporting foods, so it will likely be insightful to read them through.

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Revision Draft to add “macadamia nuts” to and delete “matsutake mushroom” from the list of the allergens for recommended labeling announced (Japan)

The Consumer Affairs Agency (CAA) announced that it planned to revise “Regarding Food Labeling Standards” within the current fiscal year (by the end of March, 2024) in a set of the materials of the “The 6th Advisors’ Meeting on Food Allergen (13 December, 2023)”.

The main points of the revision are as follows.

  • To add macadamia nuts to and delete matsutake mushrooms from the list of the allergens for recommended labeling.
  • After the revision, food-related business operators shall review their labels as soon as possible.

After the revision (New) Before the revision (Old)
Specified raw material equivalents (for recommended labeling for allergen stipulated in the Regarding Food Labeling Standards) Specified raw material equivalents (for recommended labeling for allergen stipulated in the Regarding Food Labeling Standards)
Almond, Abalone, Squid, Salmon roe, Orange, Cashew nuts, Kiwifruit, Beef, Sesame seed, Salmon, Mackerel, Soybean, Chicken, Banana, Pork, Macadamia Nuts (newly added), Matsutake mushroom (deleted), Peach, Yam, Apple, Gelatin Almond, Abalone, Squid, Salmon roe, Orange, Cashew nuts, Kiwifruit, Beef, Sesame seed, Salmon, Mackerel, Soybean, Chicken, Banana, Pork, Matsutake mushroom, Peach, Yam, Apple, Gelatin

The addition of macadamia nuts to the list of recommended labeling for allergens is based on the following requirements being met.
– In the results of the two most recent national fact-finding surveys of allergens, those that are in the top 20 items in terms of the number of immediate allergy cases.

On the other hand, the removal of matsutake mushroom from the list is based on the following requirements being met.
– In the results of the four most recent national fact-finding surveys of allergens, those that are not in the top 20 items in terms of the number of immediate allergy cases.
– In the inspection results of the four most recent national fact-finding surveys of allergens, the number of shock cases is extremely small.

In addition to Changes in the Number of Immediate-Type Cases and Shock Cases (p.g. 7) for each target product, the table, Changes in the Number of Cases and Import Volume of Macadamia Nuts, etc. (p.g.9) is also included in the materials. As you can see, the number of cases of macadamia nut allergy cases has increased along with walnut and cashew nut cases over the past 10 years (The numbers of immediate-type and shock cases of macadamia nut allergy have increased from 1 to 45 and 1 to 5, respectively, from 2011 to 2020). In addition, the information such as
– Designation of nuts as allergens in other countries (p.g. 8) (e.g. macadamia nuts are designated in the United States, the European Union, Switzerland, Australia, New Zealand, and Canada, etc.)
– The results of the fact-finding survey on processed foods using macadamia nuts (p.g.11)  (e.g.The fact that more food businesses have started to sell products containing macadamia nuts since the beginning of the 2020s, and the use of them in a ground form (as opposed to whole) has increased since 2022.)
is provided.

It would be helpful to read the materials shown above when reviewing the labels of your products so that you can check the number of cases and the related information for each allergen including the ones in your products. We will post more if there are any updates on the allergens in Japan.

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We verify the conformity of ingredients and additives with the standards for use in Japan based on specifications such as formulation lists. We also verify the conformity of the proposed labeling of ingredient names, nutrients, etc. with the labeling standards based on specifications such as formulation lists.